Lock-in amplifiers were invented in the 1930s [1, 2, 3] and commercialized [4] in the mid 20 th century as electrical instruments that are capable of extracting signal amplitudes and phases in ...
The basic concepts underpinning time-domain reflectometry. Difference between frequency- and time-domain analysis. Some applications of TDR measurements. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is a technique ...