Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Stock's historical variance measures its return stability over time. Higher variance indicates greater return unpredictability and risk. Calculate variance using Excel to simplify the process for ...

Modern portfolio theory is designed to optimize return for a given level of variance across a spectrum of investment opportunities. The ability to monitor and optimize a portfolio gives rise to the ...

What Is A Probability Density Function? A probability density function, also known as a bell curve, is a fundamental statistics concept, that describes the likelihood of a continuous random variable ...

Parameterizations for natural exponential families (NEF's) with quadratic variance functions (QVF's) are compared according to the nearness to normality of the likelihood and posterior distribution.